China History
“Never Forget July 7, 1937”: The 86th Anniversary of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident Remembered on Weibo
“Even without social media, I would still remember this day. It has already been etched into the collective memory of the people.”
On July 7th, 1937, an incident between Japanese forces and Chinese soldiers at Lugou Qiao, the Marco Polo Bridge in Beijing, led to the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945), known in China as the Chinese War of Resistance Against Japan (中国抗日战争).
In China’s social media era, the anniversary of the Marco Polo Bridge has become an annual moment in which Chinese state media call on netizens to collectively remember July 7, spreading images and hashtags related to the incident.
An Important Bridge: What Happened on July 7?
While July 7, 1937, is commonly recognized as the start of the large-scale war between China and Japan, some historians consider the ‘Manchurian Incident’ of September 18, 1931, as the true beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War. This incident marked the establishment of the puppet government of Manzhouguo (Manchukuo) by Japan and its subsequent efforts to expand its influence in North China.
Lugouqiao (Marco Polo Bridge), image via Wikimedia Commons (source).
The Lugou (Reed Gulch) Bridge, also known as the Marco Polo Bridge, is a renowned historical river crossing located on the Yongding River. It was constructed between 1189 and 1192 during the Jin Dynasty and holds strategic significance south of the capital. The bridge is included among the ‘Eight Great Sights’ of Beijing due “the reflection of the moon at dawn on the Lugou Bridge,” as described in a poem written by Emperor Qianlong on the enchanting sight of the moon there. After Marco Polo praised the bridge in 1280 as “perhaps unequalled by any other in the world,” it gained fame in the West as the ‘Marco Polo Bridge’ (Knapp 2008, 46).
The Marco Polo Bridge Incident refers to the clash that happened on the night of July 7th, when a Japanese soldier stationed near the Marco Polo Bridge became separated from his unit. The Japanese troops assumed he had been captivated by Chinese and claimed to have heard shots, after which they demanded access to the nearby Wanping city, but were refused entrance. Although the ‘missing soldier’ later found his way back, the Japanese attacked the Chinese position (Lu 2019, 11; Schoppa 2000, 159; Vogel 2019, 248). This then turned into the first battle of the war, which would last eight years and would merge into World War II after Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.
Keeping the Memories Alive
Marking the 86th anniversary of the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the topic is top trending on Chinese social media. On Weibo, the hashtag “86th Anniversary of July 7th Incident” (#七七事变爆发86周年#), initiated by state media outlet Xinhua, received over 550 million clicks on Friday.
The hashtag page text says:
“86 years ago today, the Japanese aggressors, to achieve their evil ambitions to annex all of China through military force, shamelessly bombarded Wanping City, manufacturing the notorious Marco Polo Bridge Incident that shocked the world. 86 years have passed, and our country is doing good, but the national humiliation must not be forgotten. We will strive to become stronger!”
Another accompanying hashtag is “We Can Never Forget This Day 86 Years Ago” (#86年前的今天永远不能忘#).
A few sentences that are recurring throughout texts posted by Chinese state media outlets, as well as by netizens, are the following:
铭记历史 (Míngjì lìshǐ) – Remember the history
吾辈自强 (Wúbèi zìqiáng) – Strive to become stronger, strive to self-improve
勿忘国耻 (Wùwàng guóchǐ) – Never forget national humiliation
勿忘历史” (Wù wàng lìshǐ) – Never forget history
振兴中华 (Zhènxīng Zhōnghuá) – Rejuvenate China
The same kind of language is also often used to remember other parts of Chinese history that are included in the ‘Century of Humiliation’ (百年国耻) which includes, among others, the First and Second Opium Wars, the First Sino Japanese War, many unequal treaties, the Twenty-One Demands, and the Second Sino-Japanese War.
These historical events have especially become a major part of modern historical and popular consciousness in China since the 1990s and 2000s, after the Ministry of Education and Central Propaganda Department started prioritizing them in the formation of Chinese national memory and patriotic education (Ho 2021, 67-68)
In 1994, local governments were required to set up ‘patriotic education bases’ (爱国主义教育基地) as part of these efforts. On a national level, 100 patriotic education bases were set up, of which twenty were focused on the history of the Chinese War of Resistance Against Japan (2021, 68).
Near the Marco Polo Bridge, there is the Museum of the War of Chinese People’s Resistance Against Japanese Aggression (中国人民抗日战争纪念馆), one of the most important museums in mainland China commemorating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War at large.
State Media Accounts’ Visual Propaganda
In the social media era, China’s patriotic education campaign is also modernizing and adapting to the behavior of China’s younger generations. A recent draft law submitted to the NPC Standing Committee for review calls for more online content and technologies aimed at spreading patriotism. The draft law requires online content providers to strengthen the creation, dissemination, and visibility of patriotic content (Zhuang 2023).
Although such laws can amplify the presence of patriotic and nationalistic content in the Chinese online environment, important historical dates like these already dominate the front pages of Chinese online state media platforms and are integral to online propaganda campaigns on social media apps.
On this day, Chinese state media outlets are posting the same images on Chinese social media platforms as Weibo or Douyin.
The following are some of the most reposted images:
By China Youth Daily: This image shows the Marco Polo Bridge and its dragon statues, along with sparks flying around (animated on the Douyin site). The text reads: “Defend our homeland to the last drop of our blood!” (““为保卫国土流最后一滴血!”) This sentence was part of a manifesto issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China calling for a war of resistance after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.
The sentence below says: “Remember the history, strive for the future” (铭记历史, 奋发未来).
By CCTV: Both images contain the phrase “Do not forget history” (勿忘历史). The first image shows the characters for the Marco Polo Bridge Incident (“7.7. Incident” 七七事变).
By People’s Daily: This image shows the 7.7 date, but accompanied by the text “Today, China is not the same as it was in 1937,” stressing the progress made by China in the past 83 years.
By Xinhua: Dramatized image of the Marco Polo Bridge, accompanied by the text “Never forget history, strive to be stronger” (勿忘历史, 吾辈自强).
What Are Common Reactions Online?
While many commenters echo the statements and phrases that are disseminated by Chinese state media outlets on this important historical day, there are also some Chinese social media users who are using this day to vent their negative feelings towards Japan.
This was also visible in 2022, when the assassination of Japanese former premier Shinzo Abe happened. At the time, one popular comment said: “Exam candidates, remember this for extra points: July 7 is the day of the 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident that started China’s War of Resistance against Japan; July 8 the day when Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was shot and killed.” The comment received nearly 100,000 likes.
Some share shocking pictures depicting the ‘Rape of Nanjing,’ a gruesome episode that occurred five months after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, and is widely recognized as one of the most horrific atrocities of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre involved the mass murder of Chinese civilians by Japanese invaders during a six-week period from December 13, 1937, to January 1938.
At the Sihang Warehouse in Shanghai, people offered cigarettes and liquor to honor China's soldiers on the 86th anniversary of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, photo on Weibo by user @合肥兔曹君. pic.twitter.com/7TTDso2L74
— Manya Koetse (@manyapan) July 7, 2023
Others also express the significance of commemorating the war and honoring those who lost their lives. One individual stated, “Even without social media, I would still remember this day. It has already been etched into the collective memory of the people.”
By Manya Koetse
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References
Ho, Wai-Chung. 2021. Globalization, Nationalism, and Music Education in the Twenty-First Century in Greater China. Amsterdam University Press.
Lu, Suping. 2019. The 1937-1938 Nanjing Atrocities. Singapore: Springer.
Knapp, Ronald G. 2008. Chinese Bridges: Living Architecture from China’s Past. Tokyo, Rutland, Singapore: Tuttle Publishing.
Schoppa, Keith R. 2000. The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History. New York: Columbia University Press.
Vogel, Ezra F. 2019. China and Japan: Facing History. Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Zhuang, Sylvie. 2023. “China to roll out patriotic education law for internet users, overseas Chinese and schoolchildren,” South China Morning Post, 26 June 2023 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3225435/china-roll-out-patriotic-education-law-targeting-internet-users-overseas-chinese-and-schoolchildren [7.7.23].
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China History
A Love Never Lost: The Historical Drama That Took Five Years (and a Run-In with Censors) to Finally Air
The Chinese historical drama A Love Never Lost (人生若如初见) has been getting a lot of attention on Chinese social media since it made its surprise premiere on iQiyi on May 13.
By now, one of the main hashtags about the drama on Weibo has already exceeded 2.2 billion views. Meanwhile, large billboards featuring posters from the show have appeared from Chongqing to Beijing.
To say that A Love Never Lost has been a much-anticipated drama is somewhat of an understatement. The drama, directed by Wang Wei (王伟) and written by the acclaimed Jiang Qitao (江奇涛), was already filmed in 2020 and was actually set to air in July of 2022. Fans have been waiting for five years to watch the major production with its powerhouse cast.
On the day of its originally scheduled premiere in 2022, July 18, Hunan TV unexpectedly aired Minning Town (山海情) instead — a drama about Ningxia villagers lifting themselves out of poverty by building a new settlement on the edge of the Gobi Desert. Closely aligned with the Party’s poverty alleviation goals, it was apparently seen as a safer bet for broadcast.
What caused A Love Never Lost to be removed from the schedule just two hours before its planned airing? Although no official reason was ever given for the cancellation, it was rumored that the show suddenly got a red light and needed last-minute regulatory reviews.
According to the Dian & Ying blog (电和影) at the time, the historical drama likely still faced “approval problems” (审核问题) — possibly due to the sensitive nature of the historical events it depicts.
The series is set in the late Qing dynasty, in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion (1899–1900) — a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising that took place during the final years of the Qing Dynasty and led to large-scale massacres of Christians and foreign residents in China. The rebellion officially ended in 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol (辛丑条约), generally seen as a “treaty of humiliation” (“辱国条约”). In the wake of these events, China — weakened and with several major cities under foreign occupation — entered a period of economic hardship and political instability.
TV drama posters featuring Liang Xiang, Yang Kaizhi, and Li Renjun.
A Love Never Lost follows the story of Chinese youth Liang Xiang (梁乡, played by Li Xian 李现), a descendant of the Qing imperial family; Yang Kaizhi (杨凯之, by Wei Daxuan 魏大勋), a revolutionary from a humble background; and Li Renjun (李任军 by Zhou You 周游), a member of the Beiyang Right Guard Army — three young men who are among the first Chinese students to study at a military academy in Japan, where they end up sharing a dorm.
On their journey there, they meet Wu Tianbai (吴天白 – Zhu Yilong 朱一龙) and Xie Shuhong (谢菽红 – Jessie Li 春夏), the determined daughter of a wealthy publishing family from Anhui.
Main protagonists of A Love Never Lost.
The lives of these five — who were, quite literally, on the same boat — begin to intertwine from that moment on, their personal journeys becoming inseparable from the fate of the Chinese nation during a turbulent chapter at the end of imperial rule.
For this drama, which explores a historical turning point through personal stories, the production team consulted late Qing historian Jia Yinghua (贾英华).
On Chinese social media, the series is praised as a strong drama with compelling characters full of emotional depth, even though they may not all be likeable – Liang Xiang, whose character represents the late Qing aristocracy, acts entitled and smiles after he forces himself onto Xie Shuhong.
On Xiaohongshu, the role of women in the series is especially discussed. Besides forced marriage customs in the late Qing, the role of Xie Shuhong is seen as one where the woman – and the way she is treated by the men around her – is also a metaphor for the decline and rise of the Chinese nation. Many viewers feel frustrated with just how powerless women were in those days.
Beyond the characters and the history they reflect, the show’s costumes, set design, and attention to historical details have also earned praise from viewers.
Despite its positive reception, the censorship that followed its canceled 2022 premiere is also a recurring topic of discussion. A significant number of scenes or moments have allegedly been cut, though it remains unclear whether this was due to historical sensitivities or intimacy-related content. Netizens feel some scenes don’t make sense, or that the development of certain characters, like Wu Tianbai, is confusing or incoherent due to the cuts that were made.
Many also question why some seemingly minor adjustments were made, and mourn the loss of what appears to be a substantial amount of original footage.
“It’s painful to see a project into which so many people poured their good faith, wisdom, sweat, and even money, end up being shown to the public in such a fragmented way,” one fan wrote on Weibo.
You can watch the series on iQiyi or YouTube (afaik no English subtitles yet).
By Manya Koetse
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China History
A Chinese Christmas Message: It’s Not Santa Bringing Peace, but the People’s Liberation Army
On social media, Chinese official channels are not celebrating a Merry Christmas but instead focus on a Military Christmas.
It is not Santa bringing you peace and joy, it is the People’s Liberation Army (PLA). Chinese state media and other influential social media accounts have been pushing an alternative Christmas narrative this year, which makes it very clear that this ‘Merry Christmas’ is brought by China’s military forces, not by a Western legendary figure.
On December 24, Party newspaper People’s Daily published a video on Weibo featuring various young PLA soldiers, writing:
“Thank you for your hard work! Thanks to their protection, we have a peaceful Christmas Eve. They come from all over the country, steadfastly guarding the front lines day and night. “With our youth, we defend our prosperous China!” Thank you, and salute!”
People’s Daily post on Weibo, December 24 2023.
The main argument that is propagated, is that this time in China should not be about Christmas and Santa Claus, but about remembering the end of the Korean War and paying tribute to China’s soldiers.
This narrative is not just promoted on social media by Chinese official media channels, it is also propagated in various other ways.
One Weibo user shared a photo of a mall in Binzhou where big banners were hanging reminding people of the 73rd anniversary of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir during the Korean War: “December 24 is not about Christmas Eve, but about the victory at Chosin Reservoir.”
Mall banners reminding Chinese that December 24 is about commemorating the end of the Second Phase Offensive (photo taken at 滨州吾悦广场/posted by 武汉潘唯杰).
Another blogger posted a video showing LED signs on taxis, allegedly in the Hinggan League in Inner Mongolia, with the words: “December 24 is NOT Christmas Eve, it is the military victory of the Battle of Chosin Reservoir” (“12.24不是平安夜，是长津湖战役胜利日”).
Chinese taxis with a message: December 24 is NOT "Christmas Eve" but a day to commemorate the Chinese victory during the Second Phase Offensive of the Korean War in 1950. It's not a Merry Christmas but a military one. Video posted on Weibo, allegedly recorded in Inner Mongolia. pic.twitter.com/XZlRTinmXr
— Manya Koetse (@manyapan) December 26, 2023
One social media video showed a teacher at a middle school in Chongqing also emphasizing to her students that “it’s not Father Christmas who brings us a happy and peaceful life, but our young soldiers!”
In the context of the Korean War (1950-1953), December 24 marks the conclusion of the Second Phase Offensive (1950), which was launched by the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army against the United Nations Command forces–primarily U.S. and South Korean troops.
The Chinese divisions’ surprise attack countered the ‘Home-by-Christmas’ campaign. This name stemmed from the UN forces’ belief that they would soon prevail, end the conflict, and be home well in time to celebrate Christmas. Instead, they were forced into retreat and the Chinese reclaimed most of North Korea by December 24, 1950.
The Battle of the Chosin Reservoir, also known as the the Battle at Lake Changjin, is part of this history. The battle began on November 27 of 1950, five months after the start of the Korean War. The 2021 movie Changjin Lake (长津湖/The Battle at Lake Changjin) provides a Chinese perspective on the lead-up and unfolding of this massive ground attack of the Chinese 9th Army Group, in which thousands of soldiers died.
Especially in recent years and in light of the launch of the blockbuster movie, there is an increased focus on the Chinese attack at Chosin as a glorious victory and strategic success for turning around the war situation in Korea and defending its own borders, underscoring the military strength of the People’s Republic of China as a new force to be reckoned with (read more here).
This Chinese Christmas narrative of honoring the PLA coincides with a series of popular social media posts from bloggers facing criticism for celebrating Christmas in China.
One of them is Liu Xiaoguang (刘晓光 @_恶魔奶爸_, 1.7 million followers), who wrote on December 25:
“Some people are criticizing me for celebrating Christmas Eve, because, by celebrating a foreign festival, I would be unpatriotic and forgetful of our martyrs. What can I say, in our family Christmas must be a big deal, even if I don’t come home it must be celebrated, because my mom is a Christian, and she’s very devout (..) So you see, on one hand I should promote traditional Chinese virtues, and show filial piety, on the other hand I should be patriotic and not celebrate foreign festivals.”
Meanwhile, other popular bloggers stress the importance of remembering China’s military heroes during this time. Influential media blogger Zhang Xiaolei (@晓磊) posted: “It’s not Santa Claus who gives you peace, it’s the Chinese soldiers! #ChristmasEve” (“给你平安的不是圣诞老人，而是中国军人！🙏#平安夜#”). With his post, he added various pictures showing Chinese soldiers frozen in the snow as also depicted in the Battle at Lake Changjin movie.
Throughout the years, Christmas has become more popular in China, but as a predominantly atheist country with a small proportion of Christians, the festival is more about the commercial side of the holiday season including shopping and promotions, decorations, entertainment, etc.
Nevertheless, Christmas in China is generally perceived as “a foreign” or “Western” festival, and there have been consistent concerns that the festivities associated with Christmas clash with traditional Chinese culture.
In the past, these concerns have led to actual bans on Christmas celebrations. For instance, in 2017, officials in Hengyang were instructed not to partake in Christmas festivities and several universities throughout China have previously cautioned students against engaging in Christmas-related activities.
Chinese political and social commentator Hu Xijin (@胡锡进) also weighed in on the issue. In his December 24 social media column, the former Global Times editor-in-chief wrote that there is no problem with Christmas Eve and the Second Phase Offensive victory day both receiving attention on the same day. Even if the younger generations in China view Christmas more as a commercial event rather than a religious one, it’s understandable for businesses to capitalize on this period for additional revenue. He wrote:
“In this era of globalization, holiday cultures inevitably influence each other. The Chinese government does not actively promote the rise of “Western holidays” for its own reasons, but they also have no intention to “suppress foreign holidays.” Some Chinese celebrate “Western holidays” and it is their right to do, they should not face criticism for it.”
Although many Chinese netizens post different viewpoints on this year’s Christmas debate, there are some who just don’t understand what all the fuss is about. “December 24 can be both Christmas Eve, and it can be Victory Day. It’s not like we need to pick one over the other. We are free to choose whatever.”
By Manya Koetse
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